Linguistic and Computational Foundations

Chapter 1: Introduction to NLP Overview of NLP, history, and real-world impact [Applications: Chatbots, translation, sentiment analysis; Challenges: Ambiguity, context] References Chapter 2: Linguistic Structures Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics Pragmatics, discourse analysis [Dependency parsing, constituency parsing, coreference resolution] References Chapter 3: Computational Basics Algorithms, data structures, regular expressions Formal languages, context-free grammars [Finite-state automata, parsing algorithms, complexity analysis] References Chapter 4: Probability for NLP Distributions, maximum likelihood estimation Entropy, mutual information [Bayesian inference, Markov models, expectation-maximization] References